In 218 BC, Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca crossed the Alps leading an army of 30,000 infantry, 15,000 cavalry and 37 war elephants. As a child he had been sworn to eternal enmity with Rome by his father, veteran of the First Punic War. This mountain crossing bypassed Roman defenses and allowed him to defeat Roman forces in two surprise attacks at Lake Trasimene and the River Trebia, where a total of 50,000 Roman soldiers were killed. Now Hannibal was marching south across Italy unchecked and Rome was in the worst crisis it had ever seen.
One Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus suggested delaying Hannibal, cutting off his supplies and not giving battle until Hannibal's army was depleted, so-called Fabian Tactics. Another General Gaius Terentius Varro considered Fabian's plan cowardly and called to raise the largest army Rome had ever raised and crush Hannibal on the field once and for all. Varro won the debate which lead to the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. 86,400 Romans on the field facing 50,000 Carthaginians. The overconfident Romans over committed in the center, reacting to a false gap left by Hannibal to lure them in. Critically, the Romans lost the cavalry battle and when the false-gap was reinforced 80,000 Romans found themselves completely encircled. Then the slaughter began which lasted into the night, with men in the center committing mass-suicide to escape. Rome was utterly devastated, the majority of their veterans, elites, equestrians, all had been slaughtered in a single day.
The mood in Rome was desperate, many in the senate thought they should sue for peace, the rest turned to one of the very few men who had survived Cannae, A 19-year-old Publius Cornelius Scipio. Scipio sought revenge not just for Cannae but his father who had died from a battle against Hannibal. Scipio managed to convince the Senate to fight on, that peace would mean an end to Roman Civilization and that their defeat only meant they should strike now, when Hannibal would least expect it. Age restrictions had to be waved to allow Scipio to take command. His plan was to take the fight to Carthage and draw Hannibal out of Italy with an invasion of Africa. Initially the senate wouldn't grant the necessary forces, afraid of Hannibal marching on Rome, but when Scipio put out the call for volunteers he raised enough men for 2 legions, so the senate relented and granted 4 more.
The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC, 100km/60 miles south of the city Carthage. Scipio had brought 30,000 infantry and 6,000 Cavalry while Hannibal had 50,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 80 war elephants. The war elephants proved ineffective against Roman discipline, while the Roman cavalry advantage proved decisive. After 16 years of brutal total warfare Hannibal had been decisively defeated, but not captured or killed. He would go on to fight for Rome's enemies until his death, including for Antiochus the Great in his war against Rome over Greece. Scipio was given the moniker Africanus meaning "conquer in Africa" and it was said no Scipio could be defeated in Africa.
Thus in 147 BC it was his grandson, Scipio Aemilianus who was called to return to Carthage in the final struggle between their civilizations. To carry out the behest of Cato the Elder, one of the few members of the old Roman aristocracy to survive the second Punic war; "Carthago delenda est."
In 509 BC the fifth and last King of Rome, a tyrant named Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was deposed by the cities nobles for the rape and murder of a young noble woman. In 508 BC, the neighboring Etruscan King Lars Porsena laid siege to Rome, seeking to subdue the revolutionary city-state. Rome was in its early development and was unprepared to repel the then more powerful Etruscan civilization.
A young man named Gaius Mucius Cordus volunteered to sneak into the Etruscan camp and assassinate King Porsena. After making it into the camp and killing the king's scribe, Gaius was captured and brought before the king. Porsena threatened to burn him alive. Gaius replied; "I am Gaius Mucius, citizen of Rome. I came here as an enemy to kill my enemy, and I am as ready to die as I am to kill. We Romans act bravely and, when adversity strikes, we suffer bravely. There are hundreds more Roman youths prepared to do no less. Watch, so that you know how cheap the body is to men who have their eye on great glory."
He stuck his right hand into the fire and stared at the king unflinchingly as it burned and melted away. Porsena, shocked, dismissed him from their camp, saying "Go back, since you do more harm to yourself than me". The king then sent peace envoys to Rome. Gaius was hailed as a hero upon his return, given the moniker "Scaevola" meaning "left-handed" and granted farm land on the right-hand bank of the Tiber, which became known as the "Mucia Prata" or "Mucian Meadows". Gaius appears in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. In Paradiso, Canto 4: 82–87, Mucius is depicted as a person possessing the rarest and firmest of wills.
Socrates mentored Plato, who mentored Aristotle, who mentored Alexander, by the request of Alexander's father, King Phillip of Macedon. Phillip the Great devised the Macedonian Phalanx, a spear wall formation that was the most advanced military tactic of their age. The once peripheral barbarian kingdom of Macedon had become the military hegemons of Greece. With this Phalanx formation Phillip and Alexander united Greece for the first time since Agamemnon in its legendary ancient past. When Phillip was poisoned in 336BC, Alexander vowed to see through his ambition of defeating their old enemy in the East. Inspired by the heroes of the Persian invasions, enlightened by the wisest philosophers, and battle hardened by his father, Alexander launched one of the greatest military campaigns in human history.
The first major battle took place at the crossing of the river Granicus in Anatolia. 40,000 Persians were on a hill across the river. Alexander's generals suggested finding an alternate crossing, thinking their army of 18,000 insufficient for a frontal assault but Alexander opted to lead a charge across the river, up the hill and headlong into the enemy routing and destroying them, while losing only 115 men. Alexander passed the city of Gordium who presented him with the fabled Gordian Knot, he who could untie the knot it was said would rule all of Asia. Alexander cut the knot with his sword and marched on.
The second and largest battle was near the town of Issus. There the Persian Emperor Darius had amassed the entire Persian army, around 250,000, and was so confident in his inevitable victory that he brought the royal family to watch the battle along with the royal treasury. Alexander's army now numbering around 37,000 engaged the Persian army in heavy fighting, Greek losses were around 5,000 while the Persians around 40,000. At the peak of the battle Alexander spotted Darius's chariot and personally charged towards it. Darius was forced to flee for his life. The sight of their Emperor fleeing caused the Persian army to mass rout and the battle was won.
The Persian royal family and treasury was captured and Darius was on the retreat to Babylon. Alexander was offered all lands West of the Euphrates and Darius' daughters hand in marriage. Alexanders general Parmenion advised "If I were Alexander I would accept." Alexander replied, "I would too, were I Parmenion." Moving along the coast toward Egypt, Alexander was stopped by the island fortress of Tyre. After seven months of siege, Alexander ordered a causeway be built out to the island, one kilometer long and 200 ft wide, so they could bring siege catapults within range of its walls. The bridge is still there to this day. To defend the construction of the causeway from Tyre's fleet, they also built two 160ft tall defense towers. After Tyre, Egypt welcomed Alexander as a liberator, hailed him Pharoah as well as son of Amun. He founded Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile, the largest of 24 cities he would name after himself.
Darius made his last stand at Gaugamela, modern day Mosul, with an army of 120,000 against Alexanders army bolstered to around 47,000. After this final defeat, Darius was murdered by his own men and the Achaemenid Empire was destroyed. Alexander was not satisfied however. He proceeded to conquer unknown lands in central Asia, founding Greek cities as far as modern Afghanistan. After defeating a massive Indian army at Hydaspes near the Indus river, Alexander wanted to conquer the Nanda Empire of India, but his men would go no further. They had conquered beyond the known world and were ready to return home as heroes but Alexander had other plans.
To unite his new empire he demanded his generals marry into Persian royalty and took on Persian customs, this alienated him from his men leading to a mutiny which was only stopped by a speech from Alexander. Alexander suddenly fell ill and died in Babylon at 32, undefeated in battle and master of the world. His legendary achievements would go on to inspire all the great men of Western civilization. While on his deathbed, his generals asked Alexander who should rule as regent until his infant son reaches age of majority. Alexander said only "I would leave it to the strongest."
@Dan_Hulson I like Alois Brunner, went to Syria after the war to continue fighting jews, survived a mail bomb from mossad, kept calling jews pure evil.
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