Less a parable, more a part of early church tradition. I could not name a specific Church Father or theologian who has discussed it, but I am familiar with the term.

The "Harrowing of Hell" is another related story/concept, which is not found in the Bible but is a reasoned response to the question of "What about good people who never heard the Word?" I think the passage above about Plato is related, but I don't know what book it is from.