@MudMan @youronlyone @atomicpoet @pablowapsi I think you are right that "federation" might not be the best word for what I think this thread is discussing.
What I remember is an Internet built from protocols... NNTP, IRC, Gopher, HTTP, etc. Anyone could implement those protocols. Some of them had s2s links and others were just c2s.
The newer model differs in that it's proprietary services and apps and brands all coupled together.