Sally Lightfoot crabs are brightly-coloured coastal scavengers, found in the Galapagos Islands and across the western coast of South and Central America. They have an extremely generalist diet, feeding on anything from sea lion placenta to other crabs. This makes them an important part of the ecosystem, as they provide services such as keeping the shore clean of any organic debris and eating ticks off marine iguanas. They are rumoured to have been named after a Caribbean dancer, due to their agility in jumping from rock to rock, their ability to run in four directions and their capacity to climb up vertical slopes. This extreme agility makes them very difficult to catch. Adult crabs show characteristic intense blue and red colouring on their shells, with a white or pale blue underbelly. Younger crabs have darker colouration with red spots, providing a higher degree of camouflage. Every time the crabs moult their shell, the spots become gradually larger, until they obtain the adult colouring.
Female Sally Lightfoot crabs carry their eggs around with them on their stomachs until they hatch into the water. The larvae then swim out to deeper waters, where they consume phytoplankton and undergo a rapid series of moults. Eventually they undergo metamorphosis to become juvenile crabs and swim to shore, where they start to scavenge, becoming bigger and more colourful with each moult. These juveniles tend to travel in large groups until they reach maturity, after which they become largely solitary when not mating. When they are not mating or feeding, the crabs spend their time hiding in cracks in rocks. If they are disturbed, they may spray water or shed one of their legs as a defence mechanism.
Lots of fly species are from the Midwest. One of these is the blue bottle fly, a fly that we commonly find inhabiting our home.
The Blue Bottle Fly (Calliphora vomitoria) is an oval-shaped insect with a distinctive metallic blue or green hue. Colonizing both urban and rural areas, it is commonly found near decaying matter. They play a crucial role in decomposition as they lay their eggs in rotting organic matter. Blue Bottle Flies are often used in forensic entomology to estimate time of death.
Adaptively, they have a strong sense of smell to locate carrion from a distance. Their larvae, or maggots, exhibit resistance to a wide range of temperatures, ensuring their development in various conditions.
Deinopis spinosa, commonly known as an ogre-faced spider or gladiator spider, is in the net-casting spider family (Family: Deinopidae) found in the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and South America. Deinopis spinosa is strictly nocturnal, mimicking a dead twig during the daylight hours. After sunset, Deinopis spinosa uses a unique ‘net-casting’ foraging strategy to capture prey.
The ogre-faced spider is a medium-sized spider (total body length of approximately 10-17mm) that gets its common name from its remarkably large forward-facing posterior median eyes. These eyes are the largest eyes of any spider, with huge photoreceptors (the parts of the eye that capture light) that provide exceptional sensitivity to help them hunt at night. The posterior median eyes of Deinopis spiders absorb about 2000 times more light than Phidippus jumping spiders, who are also known for their unusually large eyes but hunt during the day.
At nightfall, Deinopis spiders abandon their sticklike camouflage to construct a non-sticky frame of silk from which they hang upside down. With their front three pairs of legs, they hold a rectangular capture web made from cribellate (woolly) silk. They actively manipulate this web and use it like a net to capture both walking and flying prey, which is successful about 50% of the time. Deinopis spinosa visually recognizes walking insects and subsequently captures them by propelling the capture net downward to entangle the prey.
> Allegedly these clones were created between the years of 1987 and 1989. That latter date is important because, as we all know, Taylor Swift was “born” in 1989, as she repeatedly has mentioned, even going so far as to name one of her albums “1989.” Allegedly, that album is full of clandestine references to her being a clone. “Shake It Off” refers to shaking off the Zeena identity into a new body. “Blank Space” is about the clone being a blank space for Zeena to transfer her consciousness. “How You Get The Girl” is a tongue-in-cheek nod to how Taylor was created as a clone. > > But the biggest clue is “Bad Blood.” > > “Bad Blood,” obviously, is about the blood of Zeena used to create Taylor Swift, and how Satanic blood runs through her system.
Found in three subspecies, the Fiery Skipper butterfly has a unique look in the sense that they are often mistaken for having only two wings, instead of four, because of their posture of sitting on their host flowers. These are small creatures with a body length of only about an inch or so.
The mature larva is about 0.5 inches in size, with a white body marked with black spots and long spines. The orange head has two black horns, while there is also a yellow anal plate. They remain solitary or form small groups of 2 to 3 individuals.
When the wings are open, the males show orange or yellow wings having dark spots all over, while the females have a dark brown base with yellow to orange spots. When the wings are closed, the same patterns are displayed, but in a much fainter contrast.
These are common lawn pests: As a caterpillar, the fiery skipper creates brown spots in lawns that are about 2 inches long. Infestations may occur, showing multiple spots that link together in an irregular patch. Eggs are laid under grass leaves.
Leafcutter ants practice advanced methods of sustainable agriculture, and operate under one of the most studied social caste systems in the natural world. Naturalist E.O. Wilson offered that leafcutters have perfectly evolved to address every small need necessary for their survival over their 50 million years in existence. Different ants are responsible for each step in the process of cultivation of fungi. According to their size, ants fulfill specific roles such as defenders of the colony, caretakers of the young, gardeners, foragers and leafcutters. Incredibly, there are even tiny ants that straddle the backs of larger worker ants and defend them from carnivorous flies. No survival task is left unassigned. Researchers marvel at the complex form of sustainable agriculture that the ants practice. Careful not to overuse a single vegetation source, leafcutters gather fragments from different plants and trees, minimizing the vegetation’s tendency to build up its defenses. Some ants are equipped with a bacterium that acts as a pesticide on a particular mold, the largest threat to their fungus gardens. The ants sparing use of this protectant has kept the mold from developing a resistance, allowing the bacterium to remain an effective defense over time.
Found principally in Latin America and the Caribbean, leafcutter ants inhabit the forest floor and construct an underground web of chambers where they “farm” and harvest their staple food, fungus. They create underground fungus “gardens” by clipping and gathering fresh vegetation and injecting the pieces with a fungal secretion that digests the often poisonous plants into an edible and nutritious mushroom form.
These ants consume more vegetation than any other animal group. Their own fungal secretion, which they inject into the leaves, can change poisonous plants into a nutritious meal.
The comet moth belongs to the family Saturniidae, which encompasses a diverse group of silk moths. Discovered by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1847, it was named after Algernon Graves, a British collector, who named it comet moth due to its long and trailing hindwing tails that resemble a comet.
The comet moth boasts remarkable physical features that contribute to its allure. With a wingspan of up to 20 centimeters, it is one of the world’s largest silk moths. The males possess elongated hindwing tails, reaching lengths of up to 15 centimeters, while the females have shorter and broader tails. These tails serve a purpose beyond aesthetics, as they play a role in mating rituals and defense against predators.
Both males and females showcase vibrant colors on their wings, adorned with shades of golden yellow, brown, and maroon. Intricate patterns resembling eyespots and decorative lines help them blend into their natural surroundings, providing camouflage and protection from potential threats.
The lifespan of the comet moth is relatively short, typically lasting only 10 to 12 days. This brief timeframe is due to their lack of functioning mouthparts. Consequently, adult comet moths do not feed at all, relying solely on the energy reserves accumulated during the larval stage.
The comet moth’s silk cocoons are highly prized for their strength and durability. Local communities in Madagascar collect the cocoons and use the silk fibers to create various products, including textiles and fine art.
Ichneumonoidea Anomaloninae have slender bodies with the thorax generally coarsely punctate and the areolet of the forewing absent. Their faces are usually at least in part yellow. Anomaloninae characteristically fly with antennae forward, the gaster slightly raised, and back legs outstretched. Tasmanian species are medium to large-sized. Female Trichomma have noticeably hairy eyes and the ovipositor at near to, or around, the length of the hind tibiae. In other genera the ovipositor is around half the length. All Tasmanian species are internal parasites of lepidopterous larvae including some orchard pests.
Ichneumon wasps differ from the wasps that sting in defense (Aculeata: Vespoidea and Apoidea) in that the antennae have more segments; typically 16 or more, whereas the others have 13 or fewer. Their abdomen is characteristically very elongated, unlike in their relatives the braconids.
Simply but ambiguously, these insects are commonly called "ichneumons," which is also a term for the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon); ichneumonids is often encountered as a less ambiguous alternative.
Ant-nest beetles, which belong to the genus Paussus, are among the most bizarre and fascinating insects in the animal kingdom. By hacking the complex communication systems of ants, the beetles are able to not only live among the colony as royalty but simultaneously prey on its members and trick the ants into raising their young.
Over the past few million years, these beetles have rapidly diversified in response to adopting new ant hosts, in a process known as adaptive radiation. Remarkably, this symbiosis has proved to be among the swiftest and most sophisticated examples of adaptive radiation in the animal kingdom.
Ants communicate with one another through a complex system of stridulation (noise making by rubbing together different parts of their body) combined with chemical messaging. Paussus beetles also stridulate and produce chemicals. Their stridulation may mimic that of their host ants, and the chemicals they secrete from their antennae are powerfully attractive to ants. Somehow, the beetles are able to use these traits to interfere with the ants' own chemical communications and hijack the normal functioning of ant society.
Curculio Occidentis, sometimes known as the filbert weevil, is a kind of weevil in the genus Curculio. Because of the harm they inflict to acorns, weevils are considered a pest by many kinds of oak trees. He’s barely 1/4 inch long and 1/8 inch wide when he’s dressed in “fur,” with huge black eyes, a long narrow nose, and elbowed antennae.
Curculio Occidentis is indigenous to western North America. It is found in British Columbia, Canada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah in the United States, as well as Mexico.
In a growing acorn, the female Curculio Occidentis lays little batches of two to four eggs. The larvae that form feed on the kernel and, when fully formed, tunnel out of the nut, fall to the ground, and excavate a little chamber for themselves. They may not pupate for one or two years.
The filbert weevil is a common pest of oak acorns. The larvae of these insects live and feed in the acorn and can cause significant losses. There are currently no effective methods for control of these pests. Insect damaged acorns may also get secondary bacterial infections that cause drippy oak disease.
The goliath beetles consist of 6 separate species, all found in Africa. Though the species differ slightly in size and diet, they are all generally large and sturdy beetles, with some form of black and white striped colouration across their body.
Though the adult beetles are not particularly massive they can grow up to around 12cms (4.5 inches), and their larvae are considered the heaviest insect by weight in the world. Goliath beetle larvae can reach weights of up to 100 grams (3.5 oz) and grow up to 10 inches (250mm) in length.
Thought to be one of the strongest insects in the world, goliath beetles can lift and move over 800 times their own body weight.
Male goliath beetles use their fork shaped horns to wrestle one another, especially during the breeding season.
Females lack these horns, and have more of a wedge shaped head which helps when burrowing to lay eggs.
Oribatid mites are a suborder of mites (Acari) found around the world; there are about 9.000 species described. Oribatids are considered mesofauna, due to their body size of 0.1 to 2 mm. Most species feed on fungi or dead plant material and detritus (saprophages). A few are necro-/coprophageous) and some (opportunistic) predators.
Most adult oribatid mites are brown, but species range in color from nearly white, to yellow, to reddish-brown, to almost black. Males and females look very similar in most species, but the young mites rarely look like the adult mites. The females lay eggs and when the eggs hatch, the young mites (larvae) grow through three more stages before becoming adults. At each stage, they shed their outer body covering, called the exoskeleton. The external skeleton that supports and protects an animal’s body, in other words, the animals’ outer body covering. In can be very hard in oribatid mites as their bodies get bigger. Some oribatid mites carry this old exoskeleton around on their backs as a form of camouflage to protect them from predator mites.
Oribatid mites occur from the tropics to the Antarctic in almost all terrestrial habitats and have even colonized the marine littoral, bogs and fresh waters. Numerous species are adapted to life on tree trunks, bark and lichens on trees.
Many of the families have the ability to tuck their legs underneath their protective armour, called ptychoidy. This renders them immune from most predation, apart from being eating wholesale. The ability earned them the common name of box mites- like a closing box.
True to its name, the citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), is found on citrus, but can be found on a wide variety of woody plants, many of which are used in the ornamental trade. This planthopper seldom causes economic damage to most plants except to those weakened by some other factor such as freeze damage.
Usually, adults of Metcalfa pruinosa are 5.5 to 8 mm in length and 2 to 3 mm in width at the widest point. This species, along with certain other flatids, might be mistaken for a moth at first glance. Flatids have broadly triangular front wings that are held close to the body in a vertical position and give the insects a wedge-shaped, laterally compressed appearance from above. The front wings (tegmina) have a well-developed, transversely veined costal cell and a granulate clavus; the hind tibiae normally have two lateral spines in addition to those at the apex.
Metcalfa pruinosa is common in eastern North America, ranging from Ontario and Quebec to Florida, west to the Great Plains states, south to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and Mexico.
The Vampire Crab (Geosesarma dennerle) is a small, very colorful, semi-terrestrial species that is native to Java, Indonesia. It inhabits forest areas near streams, rivers, and ponds. It spends most of its time on land, but also often submerges in freshwater, including when it molts. It is communal with its own species, and males typically are larger than females, and also have much larger claws.
Like most crabs, the Vampire Crab is an omnivorous scavenger and an opportunistic hunter on occasion. It feeds on filamentous algae and detritus in the paludarium and will also readily accept high-quality dry foods that are rich in plant matter. Fresh and dried vegetables are also excellent food sources, as are insects, worms, and other invertebrates.
Like most Geosesarma species, Vampire crabs are nocturnal and shy. However, from time to time you will also see them at dusk or even during the day.
Their spectacular colors (bright purple claws, yellow eyes and violet purple to purplish- brown carapace with cream to yellowish-white spot on the back) explain their attraction to aquarists.
Vampire crabs do not live long. They usually achieve a life expectancy of 2 years or slightly more.