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@jens @ireneista @misty @bob I'm sorry but it sounds like you want to pick a fight and be wrong about it.

FAT filesystems do not store the encoding. The code units they store are UTF-16 code units and they are always nominally UTF-16. It's presented as UTF-8 or whatever because the rule for interpreting FAT filesystems is that the names stored are in UTF-16.

"Unicode characters" are a thing. At this level there is no ambiguity about grapheme clusters or other things that a user might mean when they say "character". Character is a well-defined concept in Unicode, and is the thing that filesystems are expected to faithfully represent.

(Apple horribly breaks this, yes, somehow even worse than Microsoft could ever have hoped to do.)