How was this conducted did people choose whether or not they use the gum or were they assigned to use or not use the gum?
A problem with smoking causing depression is unless you force people to smoke or not smoke, you can not know if smoking makes you depressed or if depressed people choose to smoke
Also do they test people immediately after using caffeine one time or after using caffeine every day for a period of multiple days?
How much time after use do they test?