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@TonyJWells @pluralistic

so much this. my own critique of the concept is really just a mediation of critiques I learned from working with reindeer pastoralists, years ago—in a situation where the state *first* destroyed the existing pastoral commons, by legislating away the traditional tools and measures by which they had been managed, *then* pointed to the resulting chaos and called it a "tragedy of the commons," *then* used that as an argument for saying herders couldn't regulate themselves.