Thanks Hugo. I was taught Tragedy of the Commons, but without any background to it. It now seems obvious to many people in the UK, especially Scotland, that various enclosures laws and other ways of taking common land have not benefited the people or the land itself.
so much this. my own critique of the concept is really just a mediation of critiques I learned from working with reindeer pastoralists, years ago—in a situation where the state *first* destroyed the existing pastoral commons, by legislating away the traditional tools and measures by which they had been managed, *then* pointed to the resulting chaos and called it a "tragedy of the commons," *then* used that as an argument for saying herders couldn't regulate themselves.
regular reminder here that garrett hardin was a racist, eugenicist scumbag and an intellectual charlatan, whose "tragedy of the commons" was a simplistic theoretical model based on a falsified historical account, peddled authoritatively as "science."