@big_louse Yeah mass migration to the United States would only begin after the invasion and colonization. First as agricultural workers and servants, then as students. While there were Filipinos in the United States before the invasion of the Philippines, many of these have perhaps assimilated into Mexican or creole life rather than as Filipinos. Others in the Spanish period did study in the United States like José Rizal, but if they agitated for independence, we would have known about it.