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@ftg - This fellow has done a credible study: https://www.aa5tb.com/efha.html
and he has references at the end.

Apparently 0.05 wavelength is the length necessary to provide the correct impedance. I believe that their impedance is correct and their SWR is sufficiently low, but I bet the radiation resistance is horrible.

Like those small loop antennas that are really only 5% efficient, you can still work the world.