@slothrop @cstross I like to remember that the first two republics ended before their second parliamentary session, by being turned into dictatorships (or as they were called then, imperial monarchies) by their elected rulers. The first one to make it to a second electoral cycle was number three, and if we use that as a definition, France only successfully turned itself into a republic in 1874, after almost a century of intermittent civil and international wars.