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> Since God is commonly thought of as singular to a monotheist, shouldn't the word be capitalized when you use it in a situation that implies a singular god?

You've only got one mom. But sometimes you say "I should go visit my mom" and sometimes you say "Hey, Mom." So monotheism has nothing to do with it. If it still makes grammatical sense if you replace "mom" with your mother's name, you should probably capitalize it. Likewise for "God" or "god": if you can replace "God" with "Jehovah" or "Satan" or "Odin" or "Zeus" or "Ken Thompson", then you should probably capitalize.

> Also, is there a specific word for God? Like do we come up with a new one? Or do you simply capitalize the word when you're referring to the entity?

I'm not sure what you're asking, but maybe the "replace with a name" idea makes the distinction clearer.

> And isn't this common in the English language? Context dependence?

Any language, yes. But "Is there a god?" could be asking if any gods exist, and "Is there a God?" is about a specific entity that people refer to as "God". Say you are asking about some novel, for example. Some work of fiction with parallel history crusades, maybe, and you ask "Is there a god?" and that would be "Do they worship a god?" or "Does a god figure prominently in the plotline?" and if you ask "Is there a God?" then you're asking if the same god people call "God" here is in that book.

> Like "that's a dog" and "you're a dog" mean two totally different things.

The word "dog" fills the same role grammatically in both of those sentences, though. "What is this dog's name?" is different from "This is Dog, he's a friend of mine."