@anilmc @tess Worth noting that the British Empire had another mode of operation in areas with population density too low to support tax farming (North America, Australia): kill off or expel the locals and import white settlers. Planter slavery fell out of favour from 1770 onwards, but penal servitude (convict labour in Aus) and push-migration of the urban poor (through the 1950s in pursuit of the White Commonwealth policies of Aus, Canada) filled the labour gap.