@dalias @jamesh @mariusor and what's even worse. they are permanent: file ownership/ACL entries are persistently made on some inode, and there's no scheme to clean that up again (unless some – brittle – logic cleans this up manually). Moreover if you have access to an inode you basically have access to it forever, just by keeping an fd open.
UNIX access control works for simple, relatively static, non-interactive cases, but Polkit is precisely supposed to fill the gap where that's not enough.