> A grand solar minimum is a period of significantly reduced solar activity, lasting for decades or centuries, characterized by lower sunspot numbers and a decrease in solar irradiance. Historically, grand solar minima like the Maunder Minimum (1645-1715) coincided with cooler periods, such as the Little Ice Age, though some evidence suggests the Little Ice Age began before the Maunder Minimum. While a future grand solar minimum is predicted by some studies for the 2030-2040 period, any cooling effect would be temporary and is not expected to reverse the long-term trend of human-caused global warming.