@davidho Tokyo's Suica/Pasmo card seems to be more passenger-friendly:
"If you are caught out and run out of charge on the card when arriving at a station, you can even top-up at special kiosks inside the gates before you exit"
https://en.japantravel.com/guide/how-to-get-a-suica-card/22316
Perhaps it's another example of Japan's Galápagos syndrome🤔
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_syndrome
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