USCACase#22-5069Document#1988265Filed:03/02/2023Page20of32Thetraditional"bullypulpitofthePresidency,however,isnotlimitedtospeechconcerningmattersforwhichthePresidenthimselfbearsconstitutionalorstatutoryresponsibility.ThepubliclookstothePresident,astheleaderoftheNation,forguidanceandreassuranceevenonmattersoverwhichtheExecutiveBranchorthefederalgovernmentasawholehasnodirectcontrol.FromtheactionsofCongressandtheJudiciary,tothepoliciesofstateandlocalgovernments,totheconductofprivatecorporationsandindividuals,thePresidentcanandmustengagewiththepubliconmattersofpublicconcern.SuchspeechisanimportanttraditionalfunctionofthePresidency,anditwouldoffendtheconstitutionalseparation-of-powersprinciplesrecognizedinNixonforcourtstosuperintendthePresident'sspeechtohisconstituentsandtootherofficeholdersbyentertainingcivildamagessuitsarisingoutofthatspeechmerelybecauseitconcernstheconductofacoordinateBranchoranentityoutsidethefederalgovernment.Cf.Counc
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