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Heterogeneous media (where density and other properties vary across space) are notoriously hard to render using Monte Carlo. Null tracking techniques make this practical by pretending the volumes are actually homogeneous. You can think of this as injecting additional null (or “fictitious”) density where the real density is low, so that the sum of the null and real densities across space is homogeneous. This combined density is often called the “majorant”.
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