A Concerned Scientist (be@qoto.org)'s status on Sunday, 28-Apr-2024 17:25:20 JST

Presented without further comment.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-019-0143-6

"The adaptive immune response to influenza virus infection is multifaceted and complex, involving antibody and cellular responses at both systemic and mucosal levels. Immune responses to natural infection with influenza virus in humans are relatively broad and long-lived, but influenza viruses can escape from these responses over time owing to their high mutation rates and antigenic flexibility."

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5291154/

"In summary, herd effects are assumed with influenza vaccine programmes, but there are few studies that quantify the herd effect of vaccination. We found low-level evidence supporting a herd effect of vaccination on influenza virus infection in contacts of vaccinated persons. Further rigorous studies are needed in order to better understand under which circumstances vaccination may prevent influenza and its complications in contacts."