After reading the replies here, I tried disabling the Google app.
This killed the "define" shortcut on word selection and seems(?) to have had no other bad effects. (My home screen search was already using something else.)
This is weird. If the Google app is doing this, that implies it must have some kind of special permission, to add an item to the selection menu globally. Why did I not find it under permissions? Shouldn't I have been able to turn that permisson off without disabling the app?