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Religions are created to solidify the power of the state. Islam wasn't a religion that led to the Caliphates. Tom Holland makes the case that ibn al-Zubayr retroactively applied a story that was growing in popularity (the one of Muhammad) as a myth to solidify the rule of the Caliphates (similar to how Constantine canonized the modern version of Christianity to justify the divine right of the Roman Empire):

https://youtu.be/j9S_xbjIRgE?t=3330

The "Jews" of ancient Judea were exterminated in 135 AD by Emperor Hadrian. They few that escaped expanded again by conversion to the various people at the intersection of modern day Iraq/Iran/Turkey.

People grab onto political and ethnic identities to justify expansionism. But the vast majority of people in those groups don't really understand that. Americans don't really understand the extend every president has pushed endless war, just as many Jewish people don't really understand their leaders want to dominate the entire middle eastern world. The group is the scapegoat.