The term “syntactic sugar” is tricky. Common definition: shorter syntax with a simple transformation to a longer version. Think syntax-aware search-and-replace or macros.
Examples:
a += b // sugar
a = a + b // long
{prop} // sugar
{prop: prop} // long
(x) => x + x // sugar
(x) => { return x } // long
With this definition, async/await is not syntactic sugar for Promises: An async function is executed similarly to a generator (pausing, resuming, …). So no simple transformation from .then().