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Just before his death in 1952, Dewey reflected on how little of his vision had made it into schools, how the changes that did occur were merely "atmospheric" and hadn't "really penetrated the foundations of the educational institution," leaving its "fundamental authoritarianism" intact.
Historian Ellen Lagemann: "One cannot understand the history of education in the United States during the 20th century unless one realizes that Edward L. Thorndike won and John Dewey lost."