Off the top of my head, four different concepts/metaphors have proved to be useful.
Lewis Mumford's "megamachine" -- the notion that the ur-technology that drove its evolution was the way rulers and their muscle allied with priests to build pyramids and irrigation projects by treating people as components in a hierarchical machine with overseers at every level.
Heidegger is mostly impenetrable to me, but I latched onto his notion of a "standing reserve." Humans make use of the world, (...more)