@silas Unmasking the surgeons: the evidence base behind the use of facemasks in surgery
However, overall there is a lack of substantial evidence to support claims that facemasks protect either patient or surgeon from infectious contamination. More rigorous contemporary research is needed to make a definitive comment on the effectiveness of surgical facemasks.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0141076815583167