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So it turns out that there are a few problems to solve.

1/ Cloudflare send X-Real-IP in a CF-Connecting-IP HTTP Header instead of X-Forwarded-For or X-Real-IP because Cloudflare *itself* acts as a proxy. More here: https://developers.cloudflare.com/support/troubleshooting/restoring-visitor-ips/restoring-original-visitor-ips/
2/ Traefik is a reverse proxy, it takes in requests and forwards them. However, when you deploy Traefik in a docker container and assign it a bridge network, it takes in traffic through the docker NAT, not the host network.