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But the above / below metaphor solves some problems too: it’s very difficult for us humans to divide work or understand relationships without a some organizing principles — and a metaphor with which to think about it.

And org hierarchy does in principle* help solve the problem of aligning power and responsibility. One of those without the other is disastrous.

*(Aside: I tend to think modern CEOs have more power than responsibility in practice, and that’s a major source of global problems.)

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