I had a chance to do the in-person vs online comparison for Macalester’s second-semester computer science course. It’s maybe 80–90% in-class programming activities (with conceptual reading interspersed in the activity directions: concepts in context, always!). Students do the activities in pairs, with hands-on help from an instructor and a student preceptor.
In fall 2020, I taught that class on Zoom. We made it work. The students were amazing. And…it was hellish.