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@Ruth_Mottram

PISA takes the benchmark of 500 as the OECD average for 15-year-old students. For most countries the difference is very small. E.g., in PISA 2012 Denmark scored 498 and Spain 496 in science. That puts Spain in 21st place out of 34 countries, which was considered by here as a disastrous result.

There seems to be some consensus that the PISA methodology is appropriate, but that doesn't imply that the differences are significant or that you can deduce where they are significant +