@evan @jasnell Thanks. It looks like they are included in the JSON-LD expansion, but not when converting to RDF (unless declared at "@list", which makes sense). I just checked, and the JSON-LD 1.0 specification states that an array "is represented as square brackets surrounding zero or more values", so an empty array appears valid (same for 1.1). That's why I was curious about the rationale for the AS2 specification having the additional constraint. (context: working on AS2 validator code)