To the question "is groove African?", Abel's clear answer is no. He strongly wants the historical materialist approach, analyzing groove within the same historical and metropolitancontext (and dialectically opposed to) modernist Western art music. He therefore sees it as necessary to discard any "geographical" understanding of groove as coming from the colonized periphery of capitalism i.e. from West Africa. But I'm not sure these two perspectives need to be seen as mutually exclusive by a dialectical thinker.