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6. Biases upstream in a causal pathway lead to disparities downstream even when subsequent causal processes are fair.

If I'd had access to this paper back a few years ago when I wrote about what I called a gender bias in self-citation rates, I would have written a better paper.

In paper we identified a difference in self-citation rates by gender.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2378023117738903