From late 2021 to late 2025, Spain added 44,000 Russian residence-permit holders, while Latvia lost 15,000 and Estonia 9,000. Across the EU, the total number of Russians with permits rose 14%, to 877,000. https://meduza.io/en/news/2026/10/06/number-of-russians-with-residence-permits-rose-61-in-spain-after-2021-while-falling-in-latvia-estonia-and-czechia