“Ur-Fascism” or “Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt” (in Italian: Il fascismo eterno, or Ur-Fascismo) is a renowned essay authored by the Italian philosopher, novelist, and semiotician Umberto Eco. First published in 1995, this influential essay provides a comprehensive analysis of fascism, the definition of fascism, and discusses its fundamental characteristics and traits. Drawing on Eco's personal experiences growing up in Mussolini's Italy and his extensive research on fascist movements, the essay offers valuable insights into the nature of fascism and its manifestations.
Overview
"Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" delves into the core characteristics of fascism. Eco outlines fourteen key elements or traits, which he refers to as "ways," that commonly appear in fascist movements. While not all these traits are present in every fascist movement, together they create a recognizable pattern. The essay is structured around these fourteen ways, providing an in-depth exploration of fascism as a multifaceted and adaptable ideology. He argues that it is not possible...
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