This Harvard Business School paper from Hoffmann, Nagle, and Zhou on the estimated monetary value of open source is kind of an incredible feat.
$8.8 trillion, btw.
That's the estimated value of open source, according to these researchers' excellent work.
https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/24-038_51f8444f-502c-4139-8bf2-56eb4b65c58a.pdf