Possible ext4 data corruption in a bunch of kernels. https://lwn.net/Articles/954285/
NixOS 23.05 and 23.11, if using the LTS kernel, currently are a version vulnerable to this (6.1.65). A fixed kernel (6.1.66) is already built in Hydra, so I assume channels will advance shortly to pull it in. In the meantime, here's the incantation you can use to pin boot.kernelPackages to 6.1.66 if you need to: https://github.com/danderson/homelab/commit/5dba4e8397f91efdfa49d45c385b530323e3213b#diff-ab18f6aa4526125c19b4938a76cab9b2352b757ad748f85c3a7f3dc108971c61R2
23.11 on latest kernel is safe. Not sure about 23.05 on latest.