When you weren’t tarded, and vaccines were withdrawn for teensy side-effects.
In 1896, heat killed phenol preserved and acetone killed lyophilized injectable whole cell S. Typhi vaccine was generated and used in England and Germany. The efficacy of this vaccine was assessed in a trial in 1960 in Yugoslavia, USSR, Poland, and Guyana. This vaccine is still in use in a few countries but most of the countries have withdrawn the usage of this vaccine due to the side effects. The acetone killed vaccine was more superior to heat-phenol killed vaccine. It was due to the preservation of Vi-polysaccharide in acetone killed vaccine36,37. However, inactivated whole-cell vaccine causes local inflammation, pain, systemic fever, malaise and disease like symptoms in 9-34 per cent of the recipients. Thus, whole cell inactivated vaccine was not considered suitable for public use and in spite of being licensed it is no longer available in the market38,39. Unfortunately for paratyphoid fever, there is no licensed vaccine till date. Increasing emergence of multidrug resistance strains of Salmonella has further complicated the situation of the disease and its treatment with existing antibiotics.
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