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Fig. 5. Avoidable impacts caused by reducing nuclear instead of fossil fuels in four major energy using regions. Values are cumulative preventable a) mortality from outdoor air pollution caused by fossil fuel use and b) fossil fuel CO2 emissions over various time periods. Error bars denote uncertainty ranges (see Section 2.3). For Japan these results represent the sum of impacts from the real-world substitution of nuclear by fossil fuels after Fukushima (mostly gas and coal) plus impacts from our hypothetical “what if” scenario. Values for Germany reflect sums over two time periods: post-Fukushima (2011–2017) and 2018–2035. Values for the US and the rest of Europe (excluding Former Soviet Union) reflect sums over 2018–2035 and are particularly high because they are the world's largest nuclear power producers.