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Proximate cause: The immediate physiological mechanisms responsible for lower back pain are usually related to inflammation, compression or damage of the spinal structures, such as muscles, ligaments, discs, nerves or joints123. Some common conditions that can cause lower back pain include muscle sprains or strains1, herniated discs4, osteoarthritis2, osteoporosis5, scoliosis5, spinal stenosis2, spondylolisthesis2 and sacroiliitis6. Lower back pain can also be caused by infections, tumors, fractures or congenital disorders in rare cases35. Developmental cause: Lower back pain can emerge over the lifetime of an individual due to various factors that affect the spine’s health and function. Some of these factors include aging25, lack of exercise5, excess weight5, poor posture37, pregnancy8, occupational hazards7[13 ^][14 ^][15 ^][16 ^][17 ^][18 ^][19 ^][20 ^][21 ^][22 ^][23 ^][24 ^][25 ^][26 ^][27 ^],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41],[42],[43],[44] (such as lifting heavy objects or sitting for long periods), smoking[12] 13^ 14^ 15^ 16^ [17]^ [18]^ [19]^ [20]^ [21]^ [22]^ , stress^12 ^13 ^14 ^15 ^16 ^[17 ]^[18 ]^[19 ]^[20 ]^[21 ], depression^12 ^13 ^14 ^15 ^16 ^[17 ]^[18 ]^[19 ], anxiety12 14 [16 ][17 ][18 ][19 ], sleep problems12 14 [16 ][17 ], genetics[23 ][24 ], lifestyle habits[25 ], comorbidities[26 ], etc. These factors can lead to degeneration, inflammation or injury of the spinal structures over time.