A logical diagram of the various ways water gets into and out of structures
https://files.woof.group/media_attachments/files/115/979/501/211/630/359/original/0d0b316d69565f95.jpg
Cavity walls (2000+ years old!) allow air circulation within the wall, and damp-proof courses cut off capillary action from the soil.
https://npshistory.com/publications/preservation/masonry-walls-moisture.pdf
But the problem of moisture balance is way, WAY more complex than that. There's vapor pressure and thermal effects for each layer of the wall, and those forces change throughout the year with internal and external heating and moisture.
https://www.wbdg.org/resources/moisture-management-concepts is hands-down the best overview I've come across for this problem.
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