Benefits and costs of polydnaviruses (PDVs) for the associated parasitoid in interactions with organisms at different trophic levels. From the host–parasitoid perspective, PDVs have a positive effect on parasitoid fitness by suppressing the host immune response. PDVs can also benefit their symbiotic partner by increasing the nutritional quality of the food plant for the parasitized herbivore. Nonetheless, when natural enemies of parasitoids (i.e., hyperparasitoids) exploit changes in herbivore-induced plant volatiles induced by PDV-infected caterpillars to locate their parasitoid victims, this incurs an ecological cost. Thus, the net effect of PDVs on parasitoid fitness should be evaluated in a community context. Solid lines represent trophic interactions, and dashed lines represent ecological effects of parasitoid-associated virus. Picture modified from here: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024939

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   John Carlos Baez (johncarlosbaez@mathstodon.xyz)'s status on Saturday, 06-Apr-2024 01:59:02 JST John Carlos Baez

   Some wasps are called 'parasitoids' because they lay their eggs in still-living caterpillars. The eggs develop into larvae that eat the caterpillar from the inside and ultimately kill it.

   But turnabout is fair play. Sometimes, other wasps called 'hyperparasitoids' lay their eggs in the larvae of these parasitoids!

   The parasitized caterpillars also fight back. Their immune system detects the wasp's eggs, and they will do things like surround the eggs in a layer of tissue that chokes them.

   But many parasitoid wasps have a trick to stop this. They deploy viruses that infect the caterpillar and affect its behavior in various ways - for example, slowing its immune response to the implanted eggs.

   These viruses can become so deeply symbiotic with the wasps that their genetic code becomes part of the wasp's DNA. So every wasp comes *born* with the ability to produce these viruses. They're called 'polydnaviruses'.

   In fact some wasps are symbiotic with *two kinds* of virus. One kind, on its own, would quickly kill the caterpillar - not good for the wasp. The other kind keeps the first kind under control.

   And I'm immensely simplifying things here. There are over 25,000 species of parasitoid wasps, so there's a huge variety of things that happen, which scientists are just starting to understand! I had fun reading this:

   • Marcel Dicke, Antonino Cusumano and Erik H. Poelman, Microbial symbionts of parasitoids,
   Annual Review of Entomology, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-02493

   Why such diversity? I think it's just that there are so many plants! So insect larvae like caterpillars naturally tend to feed on them... in turn providing a big food source for parasitoids, and so on.