A colour coded map of Europe, showing the electrification systems in use in each. 750V DC, 1.5kV DC and 3kV DC are present in the UK, France and the Netherlands

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   Garry Keenor (25kv@mas.to)'s status on Monday, 22-Jan-2024 02:07:18 JST Garry Keenor

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   Despite all these disadvantages, DC electrification was reliable and cheaper to operate than steam; and so between the start of the 20th century and World War 2, DC electrification spread across the globe, using the Series DC motor, contactor/resistor control, and the multiple unit control system pioneered by Frank J. Sprague. 1500V DC was the most common, but some countries used 3000V DC. For this reason many developed countries have a DC electrification network to this day.