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Engineers build almost all crash test dummies to model a 171-pound, fivefoot-nine “male” body. At the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which tests and regulates the risk of cars sold in the United States, the only “female” crash test dummies are not female-bodied at all—just smaller versions of male crash dummies, and, at four foot eleven and 108 pounds, so small they represent only 5 percent of the female population. No crash test dummies account for the physiological differences between male and female bodies—in chest, shoulders, and hips—or the presence of breasts, or most females’ physical size. Risk for female bodies in car crashes is built in because it is simply not measured. Perhaps it’s no surprise, then, that women are up to 73 percent more likely to be injured and up to 28 percent more likely to be killed in a front-facing car accident. Even the experts who test crashworthiness know little or nothing about the risks faced by more than half the population.