Paleo-CO; context for future CO; change scenarios. Note the breaks in the age axis to allow different timescales to be compared. CO; scenarios associated with shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) SSP2-4.5, SSP4-6.0, and SSP5-8.5 are from Meinshausen et al. (2019), as used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report; scenario numbers refer to the change in radiative forcing in watts per square meter. The 2020 CO; level of 414 ppm is from https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu. Paleo-CO; data are as plotted in Figure 6. Although Earth has experienced elevated CO; levels within the past 66 million years, these are associated with a world entirely unfamiliar to our genus, with beech forests growing in parts of Antarctica during the Pliocene (Rees-Owen et al. 2018) and alligators roaming the Arctic during the Eocene (Eberle & Greenwood 2012). Abbreviations: KPg, Cretaceous-Paleogene (boundary extinction); PETM, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.
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