Epistemic injustice is injustice related to knowledge. It includes exclusion and silencing; systematic distortion or misrepresentation of one's meanings or contributions; undervaluing of one's status or standing in communicative practices; unfair distinctions in authority; and unwarranted distrust.
An influential theory of epistemic injustice is that of British philosopher Miranda Fricker, who coined the term in 1999. According to Fricker, there are two kinds of epistemic injustice: testimonial injustice and hermeneutical injustice.
Related concepts include epistemic oppression and epistemic violence.
Testimonial injustice
Testimonial injustice is unfairness related to trusting someone's word. An injustice of this kind can occur when someone is ignored, or not believed, because of their sex, sexuality, gender presentation, race, disability, or, broadly, because of their identity.
Miranda Fricker gives the example of Londoner Duwayne Brooks, who saw his friend Stephen Lawrence murdered. The police officers who arrived at the scene regarded Brooks with suspicion. According to an...